Smoking in enclosed public places was banned in England as a result of a long campaign beginning with studies in the 1950s, demonstrating the link between smoking and lung cancer.
Following recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, the government introduced the HPV vaccination for females aged 12–13.
The programme was introduced as a preventative measure to assess people's risks of developing conditions such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and diabetes.
Sir Michael Marmot's 'Fair society, healthy lives' argued existing health inequalities were largely preventable through action to address social determinants of health.
